Access Control and Entitlement Management¶

Today, enterprise applications seek ways of enforcing security that allows the right people to access the right resources with restrictions enforced by enterprise policies. Identity and entitlement management systems, as a whole, attempt to address these security considerations. These systems help enterprise architects and developers in their application requirement implementations and try to significantly ease the burden of security-related implementations. These identity and entitlement management systems are governed by industry standard specifications, hence supporting security requirements for heterogeneous applications becomes easy.

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Types of access control¶

The following table describes the various types of access control.

Introducing XACML¶

XACML (eXtensible Access Control Markup Language) is an XML-based language for access control that has been standardized by the Technical Committee of the OASIS consortium. XACML is popular as a fine grain authorization method among the community. However, there are aspects of XACML that surpasses other policy standards by being a fine-grained authorization mechanism.

Although XACML was introduced as a standard by OASIS in 2003, not many organizations that have adopted it yet. This is because most organization's lack of interest in moving towards a XACML based solution for authorization. The following can be some of the reasons for this:

• Many software designer and developers lack a clear understanding of features, importance, and advantages of XACML.
• It is comparatively difficult to implement a XACML solution when compared with a typical JDBC or hard-coded authorization system.
• Performance of XACML-based authorization system may be less than adequate.
• The complexity of defining and managing XACML policies.

However, current market trends indicate that there is some motivation for XACML-based authorization systems. This section includes some architectural and implementation details on XACML with an existing XACML engine.

To summarize, XACML describes both an access control policy language, request/response language, and reference architecture. The policy language is used to express access control policies (who can do what, when). The request/response language expresses queries about whether a particular access should be allowed (requests) and describes answers to those queries(responses). The reference architecture proposes a standard for deployment of necessary software modules within an infrastructure to allow efficient enforcement of policies.

MWARE IAM uses XACML as a tool for controlling access to applications.

Why XACML¶

Most of the organizations still use legacy systems with inbuilt authorization logic. Sometimes, one organization contains a large number of information systems and applications that each system or application uses for their own process for authorization. Today, authorization has become more complex because users within organizations and outside need access to shared data and have the need to collaborate efficiently. Therefore, this has been challenging task to manage these legacy systems, custom authorization systems. However, XACML offers a solution to this problem.

Most traditional authorization systems mostly have the following features:

• Authorization logic is hard-coded into the source code.
• Authorization logic is stored in databases that could only be readable and understandable by the underlying application

The following are the some goals that current organizations are looking at from an authorization system.

• Can business managers (who should determine how access controls would be implemented) define and modify different authorization logic?
• Can we find new IT technicians to manage these legacy systems? Especially when those who developed the system have left the organization?
• Can different authorization logic be modified without any source code changes in a dynamic way?
• Is authorization system capable of evaluating following rule? “X resource can be accessed by the Users who are from example.com domain and whose age is greater than 21 years old”
• If we are going to implement a new information system with the organization, can we re-use the authorization logic of a legacy system?
• Can we achieve a fine-grained authorization level without defining a large number of static combinations?
• Are the authorization systems capable of answering the questions such as: “Can a user, Alex, transfer X amount from Y current account at 1.00pm?“

Clearly, the above goals cannot be achieved from a traditional authorization system. However, a XACML-based authorization solution can help to achieve all of these goals, because XACML:

• is a standard which is ratified by OASIS standards organization.
• is a policy language implemented using XML which is an industry standard.

• supports Attribute-based Access Control (ABAC) and evaluation can be done with the additional data retrieved from Policy Information Point (PIP) which is defined by the XACML reference architecture.

  Note

  Attribute-based Access Control(ABAC)

  ABAC is an access control paradigm whereby access rights are granted to users through the use of policies which combine attributes together. The policies can use any type of attributes (user attributes, resource attributes, object, environment attributes etc.). This model supports boolean logic, in which rules contain "IF, THEN" statements about who is making the request, the resource, and the action. For example: IF the requestor is a manager, THEN allow read/write access to sensitive data.

• contains reference architecture which is provided to externalize the authorization system. The Policy Decision Point (PDP) offers authorization as a service in your infrastructure. Authorization algorithms can be removed from the application logic and applications can query the PDP via their own Policy Enforcement Points (PEP).

• provides fine-grained authorization with higher level of abstraction by means of policies and rules.
• supports dynamic evaluation of policies by using the Policy Information Point (PIP).
• can publish multiple policies into external PDPs.

XACML system architecture¶

Policy Decision Point (PDP) evaluates policies against access requests provided by Policy Enforcement Points (PEP). To provide the decisions, PDP may also need to query a Policy Information Point (PIP) to gather descriptive attributes about the user or any other missing attribute in the request. Policy Administration Point (PAP) is used to manage the PDP and PIP functionality.

XACML terminology¶

The XACML reference architecture illustrated above is comprised of the following four 'building blocks'.

• Policy Enforcement Point (PEP) : The system entity that performs access control by making decision requests and enforcing authorization decisions. This is the entity that sends the XACML request to the Policy Decision Point (PDP) and receives an authorization decision.
• Policy Decision Point (PDP) : The system entity that evaluates an applicable policy and returns an authorization decision.
• Policy Information Point (PIP) : The system entity that acts as a source of attribute values. If there are missing attributes in the XACML request that is sent by PEP, PIP would find them for the PDP to evaluate the policy.
• Policy Administration Point (PAP) : The system entity that creates a policy or policy set and manages them.

XACML engine architecture¶

The MWARE IAM is a major player in the XACML and open source world. The Identity Server supports XACML 3.0, which is based on Balana XACML implementation. As the source code, distribution and documentation are available for free, it is possible to analyze and understand the architecture behind it. You can find source code from here.

This section provides some information regarding the architecture of the XACML engine (or the entitlement engine) of the MWARE IAM.

The XACML engine of the MWARE IAM has two major components, i.e., PAP and PDP. The section below focuses on Policy Decision Point (PDP).

The following diagram represents the component architecture of the PDP.

The following provides a more detailed information on the various components available in the PDP architecture.

Entitlement Admin Service

All PDP configurations are exposed via this API as a Web service which you need to have certain privileges to access. The following functions can be done by calling this API.

• Invalidating caches
• Refreshing policy, attribute, resource finder modules
• Retrieving PDP configurations
• Includes the function for testing the Test PDP with a given sample request or a sample request with given policies

Entitlement Service

Actual XACML authorization API is exposed via this API as a Web service. This service supports the following three communication methods with PEP.

• SOAP-based Web service
• Thrift binary protocol (this is much faster than SOAP)
• WS-XACML (This is the standard way but not popular)

Balana PDP

This is the core of the engine. Balana PDP has been initialized with all the attribute finders, resource finders and policy finder modules that are plugged with MWARE IAM.

Balana Test PDP

This is same as Balana PDP. However, this instance has been initialized with the PAP policy store. It means, policies that are defined by PAP can be evaluated by using this PDP instance. There is no policy caching or decision caching with this. Therefore, this can only be used for testing your policies in the PAP store. Web service API for Balana Test PDP is exposed via the Entitlement Admin Service with method name “doTestRequest()”.

Carbon Policy Finder

This module finds from different policy stores to evaluate a XACML request. The following is a high-level diagram of how this works.

Any number of policy finder modules can be plugged with the Carbon policy finder.

By default, MWARE IAM is shipped with a Carbon registry-based policy finder module that can retrieve policies from a registry collection.

All modules are initialized and policies are loaded into memory when the Carbon policy finder is used. Loaded policies are kept as a policy collection where you can use your own implementation to access them. The default implementation uses an in-memory cache and creates an effective policy for a given XACML request.

Therefore, the Carbon policy finder always finds effective policies from the policy collection where it is recommended to be kept in-memory. However, if any update in the policy store happens, the Carbon policy finder can be re-initialized automatically by the module that you have written, or you can re-initialize it by using the Web service API (Entitlement Admin Service). Alternatively, you can do it manually using the Identity Server Management Console.

When you are writing a new module, you need to consider the following in addition to policy retrieving and re-initializing.

• Policy ordering - The order which policies are evaluated.

• Policy combining algorithm

  Note

  There are Policy Combining Algorithms which are used by Policy Sets and Rule Combining Algorithms which are used by Policies . Each of the algorithms mentioned below has its Policy Combining algorithm and its Rule Combining algorithms as follows:

  • Standard combining algorithms defined in XACML 3.0:
    • urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:rule-combining-algorithm:deny-overrides
    • urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:policy-combining-algorithm:deny-overrides
    • urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:rule-combining-algorithm:permit-overrides
    • urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:policy-combining-algorithm:permit-overrides
    • urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:rule-combining-algorithm:first-applicable
    • urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:policy-combining-algorithm:first-applicable
    • urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:policy-combining-algorithm:only-one-applicable
    • urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:rule-combining-algorithm:ordered-deny-overrides
    • urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:policy-combining-algorithm:ordered-deny-overrides
    • urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:rule-combining-algorithm:ordered-permit-overrides
    • urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:policy-combining-algorithm:ordered-permit-overrides
    • urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:rule-combining-algorithm:deny-unless-permit
    • urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:rule-combining-algorithm:permit-unless-deny
    • urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:policy-combining-algorithm:deny-unless-permit
    • urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:policy-combining-algorithm:permit-unless-deny

  These algorithms are explained in detail as follows,

  • Deny Overrides:
    This combining algorithm combines decisions in such a way that if any decision is a Deny, then that decision wins.
    Deny overrides is one of the safest combining algorithms since it favors a Deny decision. However, if none of the children return a Deny decision, then the combining algorithm will never produce a Deny.

  • Permit Overrides:
    This combining algorithm combines decisions in such a way that if any decision is a Permit, then that decision wins.

  The permit overrides combining algorithm can be interesting when:

  At least one child must return a Permit for access to be granted overall, regardless of restrictions.

  One wants to return all the reasons why access is being denied. This is what one could call a “greedy deny overrides”.For instance, if the reason for not being able to view a resource is that (a) you are not the owner and (b) you are in the wrong department, we could rework the previous example as follows. When a deny reason triggers, the response would be denied with all the applicable reasons for access being denied:

  • Policy Set (deny overrides): role==manager AND action==view AND resourceType==resource

    • Policy 1 (permit overrides)
      • Rule 1: deny if resourceOwner != userId + Advice(“you are not the owner of the resource”)
      • Rule 2: deny if rsourceDepartment != userDepartment+ Advice(“you are not in the same department as the resource)
    • Policy 2
      • Rule 1: permit

  • First Applicable:
    This combining algorithm combines decisions in such a way that the final decision returned is the first one produced either of Permit or Deny. First applicable is useful to shortcut policy evaluation. For instance, if a policy set contains a long series of not applicable policies and one applicable policy which returns either of Permit or Deny, then if that policy comes first and does produce Permit or Deny, the PDP will stop there and not process the other siblings.

  • Deny Unless Permit | Permit Unless Deny:
    In XACML there are 4 possible decisions: Permit, Deny, NotApplicable, and Indeterminate. Sometimes, it is desirable to hide the NotApplicable and Indeterminate decisions to only allow for Permit or Deny. It makes the PEP logic potentially simpler.

  • Only One Applicable: This combining algorithm exists only for policy sets to combine policy sets and policies. It cannot be used to combine rules. With this combining algorithm, in order for either of a Permit or Deny to be returned, then only one of the children must produce a valid decision – whether Deny or Permit.

  • Ordered Deny Overrides | Ordered Permit Overrides:
    The ordered combining algorithms combine decisions in the same way as their (unordered) cousins. In, addition they bring the guarantee that policies, policy sets, and rules are considered in the order in which they are defined. The need to define an ordered combining algorithm stems from the fact the XACML specification does not specify whether order matters in the deny-overrides and permit-overrides combining algorithms.

• How to retrieve referenced policies

Carbon Attribute Finder

This module helps to find the missing attribute for a given XACML request. The following is the high-level diagram for both the Carbon attribute and resource finders.

Any number of PIP attribute finder modules can be plugged with the Carbon attribute finder. You need to implement the PIPAttributeFinder interface to write a new module and register it using the entitlement.properties configuration file. By default, WSO2 Identity Server is shipped with a DefaultAttributeFinder that communicates with the underlying user store of the Identity Server. The default user store of the Identity Server is ApacheDS where it can be changed. Refer Configuring the Realm for more information.

All modules would be initialized and supported attribute Ids are retrieved for each module. During runtime, the Carbon attribute finder checks for the support attribute Id and hands it over to the proper module to handle. A caching machine is used by the Carbon attribute finder for caching the findings or the attribute finder module itself can handle it.

Carbon Resource Finder

This is used to retrieve children or descendant resources of a given root level resource value. Basically, it is used to fulfill the requirement of a multiple decision profile. The implementation is same as the PIP attribute finder module. By default, MWARE IAM is shipped with DefaultResourceFinder (which is the implementation of PIPResourceFinder) that communicates with Carbon registry resources.

XACML policy language structure and syntax¶

In order to render an authorization decision, it is possible to combine the two separate policies to form the single policy applicable to the request.

XACML defines three top-level policy elements:

• Element that contains a boolean expression that can be evaluated in isolation, but that is not intended to be accessed in isolation by a PDP. So, it is not intended to form the basis of an authorization decision by itself. It is intended to exist in isolation only within a XACML PAP, where it may form the basic unit of management.
• Element that contains a set of elements and a specified procedure for combining the results of their evaluation. It is the basic unit of policy used by the PDP, and so it is intended to form the basis of an authorization decision.
• Element that contains a set of or other elements and a specified procedure for combining the results of their evaluation. It is the standard means for combining separate policies into a single combined policy.

As XACML is used in Attribute-based Access Controlling, in XACML all the attributes are categorized into the following four main categories: But from XACML 3.0, custom categories are also supported.

• Subject
• Resource
• Action
• Environment

A Rule is the most elementary unit of policy. It may exist in isolation only within one of the major actors of the XACML domain. The main components of a Rule are as follows:

• <Target>- This defines the set of requests to which the rule is intended to apply in the form of a logical expression on attributes in the request.
• <Effect>- The effect of the rule indicates the rule-writer's intended consequence of a "True" evaluation of the rule. Two values are allowed: "Permit" and "Deny".
• <Condition>- A Boolean expression that refines the applicability of the rule beyond the predicates implied by its target. Therefore, it may be absent.
• <ObligationExpressions>- Obligation expressions may be added by the writer of the policy. When a PDP evaluates a policy containing obligation expressions, it evaluates the obligation expressions into obligations and returns certain of those obligations to the PEP in the response context.
• <AttributeSelector>- This allows the policy to specify an attribute with given identifier, category and data type. The AttributeSelector on the other hand, provides a mean to lookup the value of attributes using a XPath query by specifying the data type and XPath expression. Attribute selectors are then executed against the XML content that may have been sent along in the initial XACML request.

A sample XACML 3.0 policy is as follows:

<Policy xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:core:schema:wd-17" PolicyId="samplePolicy" RuleCombiningAlgId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:rule-combining-algorithm:deny-overrides" Version="1.0">
    <Target>
        <AnyOf>
            <AllOf>
                <Match MatchId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:function:string-equal">
                    <AttributeValue DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">read</AttributeValue>
                    <AttributeDesignator AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:action:action-id" Category="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:attribute-category:action" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string" MustBePresent="true"/>
                </Match>
            </AllOf>
        </AnyOf>
    </Target>
    <Rule Effect="Permit" RuleId="permit"/>
</Policy>

Improvements in XACML 3.0¶

The XACML 3.0 core specification highlights the following main changes in comparison with XACML 2.0.

Custom attribute categories

Custom attribute categories can be defined with XACML 3.0. However, in XACML 2.0, attributes have been organized into subject, resource, environment or action. For instance, lets's say that you want to create an attribute category called “foo” in your policy and request. You can do it with XACML 3.0 easily. According to the XACML 3.0 policy schema, the category of XACML element is identified by a XML attribute called “ Category ”.

In XACML 2.0 Policy, you can define the attribute designator element as follows, However, it must be a pre-defined category such as subject, resource, environment or action.

<ResourceAttributeDesignator AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:resource:resource-id" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/>

In a XACML 3.0 Policy, you can define it as follows. Category can be anything as it is defined as an attribute of the AttributeDesignator element.

<AttributeDesignator AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:resource:resource-id" Category="resource" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/>

Improvements in Obligation

In general, obligations can have the following:

• An Obligation has an identifier, which is used to distinguish different types of obligations
• An Obligation can have arguments
• Obligations apply to Permit (or Deny) decisions only

A PDP will return, as part of a Permit or Deny response, a (possibly empty) subset of the obligations that appear in the policy.

There are several improvements with Obligations in XACML 3.0 when compared to 2.0.

One of the main improvements is the introduction of Obligation Expressions. This adds dynamic expressions into the obligation statements. For a more in-depth understanding, see the following example:

Let's assume that you want to do following with the Obligation: “On deny, inform the PEP to send an email to the user”.

In XACML 2.0, you need to define the obligation element with the user email statically.

<Obligation ObligationId="send-email" FulfillOn="Deny">
    <AttributeAssignment AttributeId="email" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">user@foo.com</AttributeAssignment>
</Obligation>

However, the user may not be same for each XACML request that is evaluated. Therefore it is not possible to configure the email statically in the Obligation element. Obligation can only inform PEP to send an email to user (it lets the PEP figure out the value of user’s email).

<Obligation ObligationId="send-email" FulfillOn="Deny">
    <AttributeAssignment AttributeId="text" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">please send email to user</AttributeAssignment>
</Obligation>

However, in XACML 3.0, the email of each user can be retrieved using PIP in dynamically as we can define an expression element inside the ObligationExpression . Therefore, obligation can inform PEP to send an email to user@foo.com address.

<ObligationExpression ObligationId="send-email" FulfillOn="Deny">
    <AttributeAssignmentExpression AttributeId="email" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">
        <AttributeDesignator AttributeId="email" Category="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:subject-category:access-subject" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string" MustBePresent="false"/>
    </AttributeAssignmentExpression>
</ObligationExpression>

In XACML 2.0, obligations can only be added to policies and policy sets. However, with XACML 3.0, rules can also contain obligations. At the root of all XACML policies, is a policy or a policy set . A policy represents a single access control policy, expressed through a set of rules. A policy set is a container that can hold other policies or policy sets, as well as references to policies found in remote locations.

Introducing Advice

Advice is a newly introduced feature with XACML 3.0. Advice is similar to obligations and it shares much of its syntax. The difference is contractual: the PEP can disregard any advice it receives. PEPs do not have to comply with advice statements; PEPs can consider or discard the statement. A common scenario is to explain why something was denied: “User, Alex is denied because Alex does not have a valid email”.

The XACML specification says that any advice returned with a decision can be safely ignored by compliant PEPs. This means that PEPs should work as described in the previous section, regardless of what the PEP does with the advice it may receive. For example, a PEP must allow access if it receives a Permit decision with no obligations, regardless of any advice in the decision.

Improvements in Target

Since it is possible to define custom attribute categories, there are improvements in some related elements in the XACML 3.0 policy, when compared to 2.0. With XACML 3.0, the Target element can be used to define more complex authorization logic within itself when compared with 2.0.

In XACML 2.0, the Target element contains the OR and AND relationship between the same category. However, in XACML 3.0, AllOf and AnyOf elements have been introduced to Target element. That clearly helps to define the OR and AND relationship between different categories.

As an example, let's look at a Target element. In XACML 2.0, we have an AND relationship between foo1 and foo2 resources and an OR relationship between bar1 and bar2 actions. However, we cannot create an OR relationship between a foo1 resource and bar1 action. so we cannot define something such as “Target would be matched when Alex can access the foo resource or do a bar action” by using the Target element.

<Target>
     <Resources>
         <Resource>
             <ResourceMatch MatchId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:function:string-equal">
                 <AttributeValue DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">foo1</AttributeValue>
                 <ResourceAttributeDesignator AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:resource:resource-id" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/>
             </ResourceMatch>
             <ResourceMatch MatchId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:function:string-equal">
                 <AttributeValue DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">foo2</AttributeValue>
                 <ResourceAttributeDesignator AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:resource:resource-id" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/>
             </ResourceMatch>
         </Resource>
     </Resources>
     <Actions>
         <Action>
             <ActionMatch MatchId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:function:string-equal">
                 <AttributeValue DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">bar1</AttributeValue>
                 <ActionAttributeDesignator AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:action:action-id" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/>
             </ActionMatch>
         </Action>
         <Action>
             <ActionMatch MatchId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:function:string-equal">
                 <AttributeValue DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">bar2</AttributeValue>
                 <ActionAttributeDesignator AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:action:action-id" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/>
             </ActionMatch>
         </Action>
     </Actions>
</Target>

XACML 3.0 has an AND relationship between “ foo ” resource and bar1 role and an OR relationship between bar2 action. So we cannot define something as “Target would be matched, when Alex can access foo resource and do bar1 action or do bar2 action”.

<Target>
     <AnyOf>
         <AllOf>
             <Match MatchId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:function:string-regexp-match">
                 <AttributeValue DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">foo</AttributeValue>
                 <AttributeDesignator MustBePresent="false" Category="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:attribute-category:resource" AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:resource:resource-id" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/>
             </Match>
             <Match MatchId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:function:string-equal">
                 <AttributeValue DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">bar1</AttributeValue>
                 <AttributeDesignator MustBePresent="false" Category="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:attribute-category:action"
 AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:action:action-id" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/>
             </Match>
         </AllOf>
         <AllOf>
             <Match MatchId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:function:string-equal">
                 <AttributeValue DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">bar2</AttributeValue>
                 <AttributeDesignator MustBePresent="false" Category="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:attribute-category:action"
 AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:action:action-id" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/>
             </Match>
         </AllOf>
     </AnyOf>
</Target>

More Functions and Algorithms

XACML3 has introduced new String functions such as:

• urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:function:string-starts-with
• urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:function:string-ends-with
• urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:function:string-contains
• urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:function:string-substring

Some improvements to other functions such as:

• urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:function:dayTimeDuration-equal
• urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:function:yearMonthDuration-equal
• urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:function:dateTime-add-dayTimeDuration

Also improvements to existing combine algorithms (deny-overrides, permit-overrides, ordered-deny-overrides and ordered-permit-overrides) and new two combine algorithms for policy and rule combining.

• urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:rule-combining-algorithm:deny-unless-permit
• urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:policy-combining-algorithm:deny-unless-permit
• urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:rule-combining-algorithm:permit-unless-deny
• urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:policy-combining-algorithm:permit-unless-deny

Improvements in XPath

New XPath data type is introduced with XACML 3.0. In XACML 2.0, XPath is defined as a String and cannot define the context that the namespace prefix is going to resolve. Also XPath based multiple decisions scheme is introduced with XACML 3.0.

Improvement in XACML Request and Response

As it is possible to define custom attribute categories, many types of attribute categories can be in the XACML 3.0 request. XACML 2.0 request can contain only subject, resource, environment or action categories.

The XACML Response can contain additional data such as:

• Request attributes that are defined in the XACML response.
• Applicable policy ids for a given XACML request are defined in the XACML response.

XACML 3.0 Multiple Decision Profile

This is a useful profile that allows you to request more than one access control decision in a single XACML request context, and also allows you to request a single combined decision based on multiple individual decisions.

The XACML 3.0 Multiple Decision Profile (MDP) is particularly useful in scenarios where the PEP needs to request decisions for multiple requests in one XACML request, and provides a considerable improvement in performance between the PEP and the PDP in such scenarios.

For a set of tutorials that demonstrate how to work with XACML MDP requests in MWARE IAM, see Working with XACML Multiple Decision Profile Requests .

XACML 3.0 JSON Profile

This is a new profile that provides a standardized interface between the PEP and the PDP using JSON. The decision request and response structure is specified in the core XACML specification.

With the introduction of the XACML 3.0 JSON profile , MWARE IAM supports the JSON format in addition to the default XML format with regard to XACML 3.0 requests and responses.

Following are some of the key points to keep in mind when you work with XACML 3.0 JSON requests and responses via MWARE IAM:

• Certain parts of JSON requests and responses have default values to avoid bloating. For example, the default value of the data-type of an attribute should be string.

• The name of the XACML XML attribute element has changed to the category object in JSON so that it is possible to call the parent element.

• The <AttributeValue> element in the XML representation no longer exists. Instead a value property is introduced to the attribute object.

• The AdviceId and the ObligationId attributes of <Advice/> and <Obligation/> XML elements are renamed to Id in JSON.
• The order of objects and values in the serialized form (JSON) does not matter in XACML.

• You can use the short name of identifiers instead of the URI. Following are the supported identifier URIs and the short name for each:

  Identifier URI	Short name
  urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:attribute-category:resource	Resource
  urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:attribute-category:action	Action
  urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:attribute-category:environment	Environment
  urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:attribute-category:access-subject	AccessSubject
  urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:attribute-category:recipient-subject	RecipientSubject
  urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:attribute-category:intermediary-subject	IntermediarySubject
  urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:attribute-category:codebase	Codebase
  urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:attribute-category:requesting-machine	RequestingMachine

• The JSON format supports the fully qualified XACML data-type URI, and also supports the short name of the data-type.

  XACML data type identifier	JSON shorthand type code	Mapping/inference rule
  http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string	string	JSON "String"
  http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#boolean	boolean	JSON "Boolean"
  http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer	integer	JSON "Number" without a fractional portion, and within the integer range defined by the XML schema in [XMLDatatypes]
  http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#double	double	JSON "Number" with a fractional portion, or out of the integer range defined by the XML schema in [XMLDatatypes]
  http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#time	time	None. Inference must fail.
  http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date	date	None. Inference must fail.
  http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime	dateTime	None. Inference must fail.
  http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema\#dayTimeDuration	dayTimeDuration	None. Inference must fail.
  http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema\#yearMonthDuration	yearMonthDuration	None. Inference must fail.
  http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema\#anyURI	anyURI	None. Inference must fail.
  http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema\#hexBinary	hexBinary	None. Inference must fail.
  http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema\#base64Binary	base64Binary	None. Inference must fail.
  urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:data-type:rfc822Name	rfc822Name	None. Inference must fail.
  urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:data-type:x500Name	x500Name	None. Inference must fail.
  urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:data-type:ipAddress	ipAddress	None. Inference must fail.
  urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:data-type:dnsName	dnsName	None. Inference must fail.
  urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:data-type:xpathExpression	xpathExpression	None. Inference must fail.

• xpathExpression data-type values are represented as JSON objects, and each object contains the following properties:

  Attribute	Type	Required	Default value
  XPathCategory	URI	Yes. You can use the short names defined for identifier URIs as values here.	None
  Namespaces	Array of namespace declarations	No	None
  XPath	String	Yes	None

• The namespaces property should contain the following properties:

  Attribute	Type	Required	Default value
  Prefix	String	No	None
  Namespace	URI	Yes	None

  Following is a sample JSON attribute format that contains the fully qualified XACML data-type URI:

  {
      "Attribute": {
         "AttributeId": "urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:content-selector",
         "DataType": "xpathExpression",
         "Value": {
                 "XPathCategory": "urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:attribute-category:resource",
                 "Namespaces": [{
                         "Namespace":   "urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:core:schema:wd-17"
                         }, {
                         "Prefix": "md",
                         "Namespace":   "urn:example:med:schemas:record"
                             }],
                 "XPath":"md:record/md:patient/md:patientDoB"
          }
     }
  }

• The MultiRequests object is optional in the JSON representation of XACML. The purpose of the MultiRequests object is to support the XACML multiple decision profile.

• The JSON attribute object contains an array of attribute objects. The attribute object contains the following properties:

  Property name	Type	Required	Default value
  AttributeId	URI	Yes	None. The identifier used in the XML representation of a XACML attribute will be used in its JSON representation
  Value	Either string, boolean, number (this maps to either a XACML integer or double as defined in supported data types), object, array of strings, array of boolean, Array of number, array of object, or a mixed array of string and number where the string values represents a numerical value.	Yes	None.
  Issuer	String	No	Null
  Data Type	URI	No	The data type value can be omitted in the JSON representation. The default value is http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string .
  IncludeInResult	Boolean	No	False

• The results of the JSON request is represented by the decision object in the form of a JSON Object. This can have following properties:

  Property name	Type	Required	Default value
  Decision	String	Yes. Possible values are: Permit, Deny, NotApplicable, Indeterminate	None.

• The results can have the status, obligations, associatedAdvice, category, and policyIdentifierList, which are optional.

Following is a sample JSON request that you can try out with WSO2 Identity Server:

{
   "Request": {
      "AccessSubject": {
         "Attribute": [
            {
               "AttributeId": "subject-id",
               "Value": "sam",
               "DataType": "string",
               "IncludeInResult": true
            }
         ]
      },

      "Resource": {
         "Attribute": [
            {
               "AttributeId": "resource-id",
               "Value": "index.jsp",
               "DataType": "string",
               "IncludeInResult": true
            }
         ]
      },
      "Action": {
            "Attribute": [{
                    "AttributeId": "action-id",
                    "Value": "modify-welcome",
                    "DataType": "string",
                    "IncludeInResult": true
                }
            ]
        }

   }
}

Following is a sample XACML JSON response that you will get for the above request:

{
    "Response": [
        {
            "Decision": "Deny",
            "Status": {
                "StatusCode": {
                    "Value": "urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:status:ok"
                }
            },
            "AccessSubject": {
                "Attribute": [
                    {
                        "AttributeId": "subject-id",
                        "Value": "dinali",
                        "IncludeInResult": "true",
                        "DataType": "string"
                    }
                ]
            },
            "Resource": {
                "Attribute": [
                    {
                        "AttributeId": "resource-id",
                        "Value": "index.jsp",
                        "IncludeInResult": "true",
                        "DataType": "string"
                    }
                ]
            },
            "Action": {
                "Attribute": [
                    {
                        "AttributeId": "action-id",
                        "Value": "modify-welcome",
                        "IncludeInResult": "true",
                        "DataType": "string"
                    }
                ]
            }
        }
    ]
}

For a tutorial that demonstrate how MWARE IAM supports fine-grained authorization using XACML requests in JSON format, see Fine-grained Authorization using XACML Requests in JSON Format.

Administrative Delegation Profile

This is also a new profile that comes with XACML 3.0. This allows you to define policies about who can write policies about what. For example, "Alex may issue a policy but only about resources in department X”.

XACML 2.0 and XACML 3.0 samples¶

The biggest difference between XACML 2.0 and XACML 3.0 for your client app is that the structure of the attributes in the authentication request has changed significantly in XACML 3.0.

In XACML 2.0, attributes were organized into subject, resource, environment, or action categories using XML element tags:

<Request  xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:2.0:context:schema:os"
          xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
          xsi:schemaLocation="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:2.0:context:schema:os  access_control-xacml-2.0-context-schema-os.xsd">
        <Subject>
            <Attribute
                  AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:subject:subject-id"
                  DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">
                <AttributeValue>Julius Hibbert</AttributeValue>
            </Attribute>
        </Subject>
        <Resource>
            <Attribute
                  AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:resource:resource-id"
                  DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#anyURI">
                <AttributeValue>http://medico.com/record/patient/BartSimpson</AttributeValue>
            </Attribute>
        </Resource>
        <Action>
            <Attribute
                  AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:action:action-id"
                  DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">
                <AttributeValue>read</AttributeValue>
            </Attribute>
        </Action>
        <Environment/>
</Request>

In XACML 3.0, these categories are indicated using XML attributes instead of XML element tags:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<Request xsi:schemaLocation="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:core:schema:wd-17 http://docs.oasis-open.org/xacml/3.0/xacml-core-v3-schema-wd-17.xsd" ReturnPolicyIdList="false" CombinedDecision="false" xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:core:schema:wd-17" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
  <Attributes Category="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:subject-category:access-subject">
    <Attribute IncludeInResult="false" AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:subject:subject-id">
      <AttributeValue DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">Julius Hibbert</AttributeValue>
    </Attribute>
  </Attributes>
  <Attributes Category="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:attribute-category:resource">
    <Attribute IncludeInResult="false" AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:resource:resource-id">
      <AttributeValue DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#anyURI">http://medico.com/record/patient/BartSimpson</AttributeValue>
    </Attribute>
  </Attributes>
  <Attributes Category="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:attribute-category:action">
    <Attribute IncludeInResult="false" AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:action:action-id">
      <AttributeValue DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">read</AttributeValue>
    </Attribute>
  </Attributes>
  <Attributes Category="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:attribute-category:environment" />
</Request>

The <Subject> element in XACML 2.0 becomes <Attributes Category="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:subject-category:access-subject"> in XACML 3.0, for example. This is the same for the resource, environment, and action categories.